{"id":972,"date":"2020-03-16T15:17:12","date_gmt":"2020-03-16T15:17:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/?p=972"},"modified":"2021-09-07T09:05:19","modified_gmt":"2021-09-07T09:05:19","slug":"thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/","title":{"rendered":"THI\u1ebeT K\u1ebe H\u1ec6 TH\u1ed0NG \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG D\u1eaaN (\u0110\u1eacU R\u00d3T)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Eddie Bell<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u00fac khu\u00f4n th\u1ea1ch cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u00e0o l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn cho ph\u00e9p kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p, l\u1ed7 m\u1ecdt co r\u00fat d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn k\u00e9m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y k\u00e9m nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do \u0111\u00fac \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ph\u00e9p kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng k\u1ecbp ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp g\u00e2y ra l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2b04093ae49\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a2b04093ae49\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Nguyen_tac_%E2%80%9Cngon_tay_cai%E2%80%9D_va_cach_thuc_hien_tot_nhat\" >Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Thuat_ngu\" >Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Hinh_dang_tot_nhat_cho_Duong_dan_chinh_va_Duong_dan_nhanh_la_gi\" >H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Nhung_kien_thuc_co_ban\" >Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Hinh_dang_%E2%80%9CV%E2%80%9D_va_%E2%80%9CY%E2%80%9D_cua_Duong_dan\" >H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u201cV\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cY\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Duong_dan_phu_khong_can_bang\" >\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Dong_chay\" >D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Sap_xep_cac_mau_day_va_mong_tren_cay\" >S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Tan_nhiet_va_nhiet_do_he_thong\" >T\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Kiem_tra_nhiet_do_he_thong\" >Ki\u1ec3m tra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Tieu_chuan_kiem_tra\" >Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ki\u1ec3m tra<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Kiem_tra_thiet_ke_Duong_dan_nhanh_tot_nhat\" >Ki\u1ec3m tra thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Diem_ket_noi\" >\u0110i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Vi_tri_mau\" >V\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eabu<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/thiet-ke-he-thong-duong-dan-dau-rot\/#Cong_o_dau\" >C\u1ed5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nguyen_tac_%E2%80%9Cngon_tay_cai%E2%80%9D_va_cach_thuc_hien_tot_nhat\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn trong \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0o m\u1eabu v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng 70 \u0111\u1ebfn 150% (t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i con m\u1eabu) t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i con m\u1eabu v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn d\u1eabn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ecdt d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed chung r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bo tr\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u01a1n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n th\u1ea1ch cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1edf ng\u00e3 ba nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f3 c\u1eaft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m g\u00f3c bo nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. C\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac linh ho\u1ea1t trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o m\u1eabu. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn m\u00e0 theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t. V\u00e0 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thuat_ngu\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi gi\u1ed1ng nhau cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00fac. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 Santa Fe, Albert Schaler \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta cho th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00fa r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n trong c\u00e2y \u0111\u00fac. \u00d4ng ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1eabu l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1ed5ng\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng Schaler kh\u00f4ng sai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1eabu, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u1ed5ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1ed5ng\u201d v\u00ec khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. \u201cC\u1ed5ng\u201d s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">H\u00ecnh 1 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00fac, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1ed3ng n\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c m\u1eabu nh\u1eabn. C\u1eeda m\u1edf h\u00ecnh ph\u1ec5u trong khu\u00f4n th\u1ea1ch cao t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u00fat \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean tr\u00ean. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u00e2y. Th\u00e2n c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sprue ho\u1eb7c Main Sprue (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh). Chi \/ nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Feed Sprue (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pattern (m\u1eabu). Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Runners v\u00e0 Secondary Sprues (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang sau.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1851 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"290\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hinh_dang_tot_nhat_cho_Duong_dan_chinh_va_Duong_dan_nhanh_la_gi\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn l\u00e0 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u00e1p t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e2y s\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ea1ch cao v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u00e1p tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi khu\u00f4n th\u1ea1ch cao. Sau khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn cho kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khoang r\u1ed7ng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">S\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac. Nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fac c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nha khoa r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bquan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1.1: 1 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 1.3: 1 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2y sang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c \u00edt h\u01a1n, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. H\u00ecnh 2 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn tr\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u00edt h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1850 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-32.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"202\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh. Hai \u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 3mm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 3mm b\u00ean trong t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eadp d\u1eb9p v\u00e0 ph\u1eb3ng, H\u00ecnh 3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 ra t\u1eebng \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o. \u1ed0ng tr\u00f2n h\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc trong 21 gi\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eb9p l\u00e0m c\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong 38 gi\u00e2y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u1ed1ng tr\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng h\u01a1n 45% so v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng ph\u1eb3ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a r\u1eafn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb giao di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ea1ch cao \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00eda v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m xa nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n h\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ph\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 1 mm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00f3i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a r\u1eafn l\u00e0 1 mm m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y, th\u00ec \u1ed1ng ph\u1eb3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong 1.5 gi\u00e2y. \u1ed0ng d\u1eabn tr\u00f2n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t 2.5 gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1853 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"300\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn tr\u00f2n 3mm s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda th\u1eddi gian so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u1eabn m\u1edf trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kim lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eebng ch\u1ea3y ngay khi khoang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sao? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n: trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y khoang m\u1eabu v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ch\u1ea3y v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a r\u1eafn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng l\u00e0 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 6%. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u00f3a r\u1eafn, th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 co nh\u00f3t \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra. N\u1ebfu \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 khi kim lo\u1ea1i trong m\u1eabu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u00ec co nh\u00f3t s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p, l\u1ed7 m\u1ecdt trong v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1854 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-4.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"254\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nhung_kien_thuc_co_ban\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Trong h\u00ecnh 4 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong ba c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh. V\u00f2ng b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u00e2n m\u1ecfng, m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi. Chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 m\u1ecdt \/ \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac nh\u1eabn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n cao su b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u01a1m s\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng b\u01a1m \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0o m\u1eabu. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eabu b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00fac nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Trong H\u00ecnh 5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. \u0110i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5p s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. H\u00ecnh 6 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1 trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn hai c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ebd \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1nh tay th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ed7i b\u00ean. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong H\u00ecnh 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1855 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-5.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"375\" height=\"298\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1856 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-6.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"372\" height=\"290\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1eabu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho hai ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 tin t\u1ed1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00fac \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fac. N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o r\u1ed7ng ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eabn n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m d\u00e0y h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, hai chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo quy t\u1eafc ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hinh_dang_%E2%80%9CV%E2%80%9D_va_%E2%80%9CY%E2%80%9D_cua_Duong_dan\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u201cV\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cY\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu, th\u00ec th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u2018Y\u2019. C\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u2018Y\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n th\u1ea1ch cao. Th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u2018Y\u2019 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch ra. X\u00f3i m\u00f2n th\u1ea1ch cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh s\u1eafc n\u00e9t. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean l\u00e0m bo tr\u00f2n b\u00ean trong \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u00e1ch nh\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng s\u1eafc c\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">N\u1ebfu ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea1ch cao d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ebd l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng palladium, m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi kim lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn h\u00ecnh \u2018Y\u2019. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh \u2018V\u2019. S\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn h\u00ecnh \u2018Y\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef \u2018V\u2019. V\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u2018V\u2019 s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p kim lo\u1ea1i cho m\u1eabu v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00edt h\u01a1n \u2018Y\u2019, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kim lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt quanh co h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn h\u00ecnh \u2018Y\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec, khi kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i n\u01a1i n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai lu\u1ed3ng, kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u00e0y hay ph\u00eda kia tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u00ean n\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00fac ly t\u00e2m).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Duong_dan_phu_khong_can_bang\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c bu\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, m\u1eabu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng khu\u00f4n cao su b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t phun s\u00e1p xu\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o m\u1eabu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p \u0111ang ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb m\u1eabu c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong H\u00ecnh 5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. \u0110i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. H\u00ecnh 6 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1 trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00f3 ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ebd \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1nh tay m\u1ed7i b\u00ean. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong H\u00ecnh 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dong_chay\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u00e9p kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh. H\u00ecnh 7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1857 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-7.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"368\" height=\"291\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sap_xep_cac_mau_day_va_mong_tren_cay\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 d\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee7 cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ecfng \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft, th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u00e0y n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ecfng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf ng\u1ecdn c\u00e2y v\u00ec \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1eabu theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n th\u1ea1ch cao v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu kh\u00f3 \u0111\u00fac h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1858 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-8.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"254\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tan_nhiet_va_nhiet_do_he_thong\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">T\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00fac ba m\u1eabu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y 15 x 15mm x 1, 2 v\u00e0 4mm t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, H\u00ecnh 8, tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nhau cho c\u1ea3 ba m\u1eabu, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ea1ch cao v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khi kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i; s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u0103ng nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, B\u1ea3ng 1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea1ch cao t\u1eeb kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua giao di\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1ch cao l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Dieter Ott cho th\u1ea5y: sau khi kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1.0 \u2013 1,5mm \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u1ea1ch cao b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, khi kim lo\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i, m\u1ea3ng th\u1ea1ch cao li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1873 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-23.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"376\" height=\"153\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u1eabu d\u00e0y 4mm s\u1ebd t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t g\u1ea5p 4 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1eabu 1mm. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea1ch cao \u1edf m\u1eabu 4mm s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u1eabu 1mm. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1eabu m\u1eabu 2mm s\u1ebd \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n th\u1ea1ch cao ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eabu 1mm (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n), th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd qu\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7 m\u1ecdt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p kh\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1859 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-9.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"298\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac chia s\u1ebb tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n: N\u1eb7ng, Trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Nh\u1eb9. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu tr\u00ean c\u00e2y trong H\u00ecnh 9 l\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu v\u1eeba v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu l\u00e0 nh\u1eb9. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t so v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf th\u1ea1ch cao t\u1ea1i giao di\u1ec7n kim lo\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i, h\u1ee3p kim. M\u1eabu v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 r\u00e3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1eabu d\u00e0y 4mm kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u201ckhu\u00f4n trung b\u00ecnh\u201d. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Khi m\u1eabu c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch th\u1ea5p (m\u1eabu m\u1ecfng), \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i. Khi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (m\u1eabu d\u00e0y), \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3m.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ean c\u00e2y.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Khi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 d\u00e0y n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 cao \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd qu\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u00e0y so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 do c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fac c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n d\u00e0y v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n m\u1ecfng, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fac c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00fac \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1860 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-10.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"281\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kiem_tra_nhiet_do_he_thong\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ki\u1ec3m tra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m c\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1edbi n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1u m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i c\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong H\u00ecnh 10. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eabu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00fac; v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ecfng, trung b\u00ecnh, d\u00e0y, l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf. Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 g\u1eafn ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn theo h\u00e0ng d\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng, gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110\u1eebng hy v\u1ecdng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y n\u00e0o; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu \u0111\u00fac \u1edf s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 n\u0103m m\u1eabu tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i c\u00e2y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fac. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, theo \u0111\u00f3 quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1874 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-24.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"373\" height=\"202\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c c\u00e2y th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 trong H\u00ecnh 2; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n l\u00e0 550\u00b0C v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i 1000\u00b0C. \u0110\u00fac t\u1eebng khu\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p theo b\u00ean tr\u00ean, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed7i b\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean. H\u00e3y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m t\u1ed1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00fac. Th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eef b\u00ecnh trong ba ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n gi\u1edd \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sau khi \u0111\u00fac, ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00fac, ghi l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tieu_chuan_kiem_tra\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ki\u1ec3m tra<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i 1, 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">1 = C\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00fac ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">2 = C\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">3 = C\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00fac b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00fac l\u1ed7i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac # 2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fac l\u1ed7i, ho\u1eb7c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea1ch b\u1ed9t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00fac, c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft do khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 m\u1eabu s\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. C\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 do l\u1ed7i khu\u00f4n th\u1ea1ch cao ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y. V\u1ea3y do th\u1ea1ch cao b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t, ho\u1eb7c do l\u1eabn t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00fac li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i do sai nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u00fac thi\u1ebfu, l\u1ed7 m\u1ecdt kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p, co r\u00fat, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1 (t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i s\u00e1p m\u1ecbn) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1847 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-25.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"185\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sau khi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 (1, 2 ho\u1eb7c 3) cho m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, B\u1ea3ng 3. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u \u1edf d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong B\u1ea3ng 3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac m\u1eabu # 213 b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim 18KY. M\u1eabu 213 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ebd \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu 213 trong th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i 980\u00b0C v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n 550\u00b0C<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1848 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-26.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"176\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac \u1edf ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i #1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu trong b\u1ea3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m. Trong B\u1ea3ng 4, m\u1eabu 347 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4ng qua bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3: Kim lo\u1ea1i 1000\u00b0C v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n 600\u00b0C l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ed1t. V\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i 1020\u00b0C v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n 550\u00b0C t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i 980\u00b0C v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n 550\u00b0C, n\u00ean xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00ean 1020\u00b0C. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1861 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-11.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"368\" height=\"263\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kiem_tra_thiet_ke_Duong_dan_nhanh_tot_nhat\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ki\u1ec3m tra thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sau khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn cho n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i hai t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn: t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u1eabu \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1eabu. N\u1ebfu b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac th\u00f4 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1p th\u00f4 t\u1eeb khu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eabu \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eed \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t m\u1ecbn nh\u01b0ng chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 ng\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, th\u00ec l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1eabu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1eabu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1p d\u00e2y (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn s\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m trong khu\u00f4n cao su, H\u00ecnh 11), g\u1eafn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0o m\u1eabu \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi ba nh\u00f3m m\u1eabu tr\u00ean c\u00e2y v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m m\u1eabu s\u1ebd c\u00f3 n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1u c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, H\u00ecnh 12a v\u00e0 12b. M\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft l\u1ed7i do \u0111\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam khu\u00f4n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1862 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-12.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"366\" height=\"227\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1863 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-13.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"164\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diem_ket_noi\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Trong H\u00ecnh 13, m\u1eabu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0ng tr\u1eafng palladium. M\u1eabu b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 hai m\u1eabu b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n tr\u00f2n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1eabu v\u00e0 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh. Vi\u1ec7c g\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim cho ph\u00e9p kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea3y tr\u01a1n tru h\u01a1n, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o b\u00ean h\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i tim nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vi_tri_mau\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">V\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1eabu<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110\u00f4i khi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc ghim b\u1ea1c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc n\u01a1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ed5 ch\u1ea5u \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fac m\u1ecbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh duy nh\u1ea5t trong H\u00ecnh 14 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p, l\u1ed7 m\u1ecdt v\u00e0 co r\u00fat tr\u00ean v\u00f2ng cung \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. Th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 hai, H\u00ecnh 15, ch\u1ec9 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p, l\u1ed7 m\u1ecdt. Khi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb d\u1ecdc sang ngang v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh, H\u00ecnh 16, \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p, l\u1ed7 m\u1ecdt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n (\u0111\u00fac thi\u1ebfu). C\u00e1c \u1ed5 ch\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa, H\u00ecnh 17, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u1ed5 ch\u1ea5u. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t sau c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, H\u00ecnh 18a. H\u00ecnh 18b cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00fac cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ea1i sao v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00eam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1852 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"561\" height=\"328\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cong_o_dau\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C\u1ed5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u201cc\u1ed5ng\u201d chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 co nh\u00f3t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a r\u1eafn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00fac, b\u1ea1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 co nh\u00f3t n\u00e0y. Khi th\u1ecfi kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, kim lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecfng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh h\u01a1i v\u00f2m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh, H\u00ecnh 19a. Sau khi kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft l\u00f5m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf gi\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 t\u00edch b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t do s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a r\u1eafn. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi hai qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thanh, nh\u01b0 trong h\u00ecnh 19b, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn l\u1edbn, kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u. \u0110o\u1ea1n n\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00f3a r\u1eafn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ea1ch cao.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Sau khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng, qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p co r\u00fat nh\u1ecf. Trong khi qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u kia s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p co l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 co nh\u00f3t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u00f3a r\u1eafn t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u00f3. L\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng. Khi thanh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng ng\u0103n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i sang qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u th\u1ee9 hai, trong khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong khi n\u00f3 \u0111ang co l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u00e0y-m\u1ecfng-d\u00e0y c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p co r\u00fat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1865 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-15.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"486\" height=\"339\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh tr\u00f2n 3mm v\u00e0o \u0111ai nh\u1eabn ph\u1eb3ng (1mm x 2mm) v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p co nh\u00f3t \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eabn, H\u00ecnh 20. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111ai m\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eabn t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng b\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1866 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-16.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"366\" height=\"263\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nh\u1eabn b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i trong H\u00ecnh 21 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng. Chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n d\u00e0y h\u01a1n. Chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau tr\u00ean ng\u00f3n tay, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ed1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao v\u1edbi m\u1eabu ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1867 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-17.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"372\" height=\"254\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1868 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-18.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"249\" height=\"264\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o Sprue. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y, H\u00ecnh 22. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u \u0111en \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho xi lanh ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh khu\u00f4n. V\u00f9ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea1ch cao m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u00fac kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1ea5n v\u00e0o. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5m \u0111en \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u1eabu cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o c\u00e2y bi\u1ebft n\u01a1i c\u1eaft s\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">M\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng \u0111o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0o tr\u00ean kim lo\u1ea1i, H\u00ecnh 23. Hai m\u1eabu n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong khu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 125mm ho\u1eb7c 5 inches.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1869 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-19.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"247\" height=\"249\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1870 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-20.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"270\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ba trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu sau, H\u00ecnh 24, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean c\u00e2y trong khu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 100mm. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5ng. G\u00f3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn. S\u00e1u m\u1eabu gi\u1ed1ng nhau s\u1ebd v\u1eeba v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean c\u00e2y trong khu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 125mm, H\u00ecnh 25. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ed5ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 \u00edt m\u1eabu h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean c\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 150mm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a 8 ph\u1ea7n xung quanh v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau, H\u00ecnh 26.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1871 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Thi%E1%BA%BFt-k%E1%BA%BF-h%E1%BB%87-th%E1%BB%91ng-%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-d%E1%BA%ABn-%C4%91%E1%BA%ADu-r%C3%B3t-21.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"247\" height=\"276\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ea1o khu\u00f4n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u00e1p t\u1eeb khu\u00f4n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng tay trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho con m\u1eabu s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fac t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: Ganoksin<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Eddie Bell M\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u00fac khu\u00f4n th\u1ea1ch cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u00e0o l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn cho ph\u00e9p kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111i v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1849,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[63,61],"tags":[],"yst_prominent_words":[],"class_list":["post-972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chia-se-kien-thuc","category-kien-thuc-kim-hoan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=972"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/972\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3875,"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/972\/revisions\/3875"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=972"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trangdoan.vn\/kythuatkimhoan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}